FIG. 3.

(a) Protein array analysis of production of cytokines by adenoidal cells after stimulation by CCS derived from a wild-type pneumococcus (strain D39). The increases in the levels of protein expression of the cytokines that were upregulated significantly (≥2-fold) after stimulation are shown. The data are means and standard deviations for the level of expression based on three individual experiments (performed in duplicate) using adenoidal MNC from three subjects. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GRO, growth-related oncogene; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MCP-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 2; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β. (b) Concentrations of cytokines as determined by immunoassay in adenoidal MNC culture supernatants after stimulation with pneumococcal CCS. The data are means and standard deviations for cytokine concentrations (n = 30). An asterisk indicates that the P value is <0.01 compared to the data for the unstimulated medium control.