CRFs act in parallel with type-B ARRs to mediate cytokinin regulated gene expression. (A) Wild-type, arr1,12, crf1,2,5, and crf2,3,6 seedlings were treated with either 10 μM BA or a DMSO control for 1 h and gene expression analyzed by using a microarray. Genes that displayed a ≥2-fold change in response to cytokinin in the wild type are shown. (B) Venn diagram of the 135 cytokinin-regulated genes affected by the arr1,12, crf1,2,5, and/or crf2,3,6 mutations. (C) Model of cytokinin signaling. Both AHPs and CRFs move into the nucleus in response to cytokinin. Once there, the AHPs phosphorylate the type-B ARRs, which, together with CRFs, mediate cytokinin-regulated gene expression. See text for further details.