Table 1.

Sources of multipotential adult mesenchymal stem cells

Source tissue	Multilineage differentiation potential	Representative references
Bone marrow	Adipocyte	[26,143]
	Astrocyte, neuron	[12,137]
	Cardiomyocyte	[14,15,131-133]
	Chondrocyte	[26,46,76,79]
	Hepatocyte	[6,7,144]
	Mesangial cell	[13]
	Muscle	[10,35]
	Neuron	[11,12]
	Osteoblast	[26,33,43,145-147]
	Stromal cell	[148]
	Various embryonic tissue lineages	[139]
Muscle	Adipocyte, myotubes, osteocyte	[138]
	Endothelial cell, neuron	[20,149]
	Chondrocyte	[112]
	Osteocyte	[20]
Trabecular bone	Adipocyte, chondrocyte, osteoblast	[27-29]
Dermis	Adipocyte, chondrocyte, muscle, osteoblast	[21]
Adipose tissue	Chondrocyte, muscle, osteoblast	[16]
	Stromal cell	[150]
Periosteum	Chondrocyte, osteoblast	[17,18]
Pericyte	Chondrocyte	[22]
	Osteoblast	[23,24]
Blood	Adipocyte, fibroblast, osteoblast, osteoclast	[25]
Synovial membrane	Adipocyte, chondrocyte, muscle, osteoblast	[18]