Table 4.
Association between mortality and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the Shanghai women's health study. Values are hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals*
|
Type of exposure
|
All causes of death
|
Cause of death
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer (all types) | Lung cancer | Cardiovascular disease | Stroke | ||
| Husband†(n=65 180) | |||||
| Ever exposed | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.25) | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.27) | 1.09 (0.74 to 1.61) | 1.18 (0.92 to 1.51) | 1.33 (0.96 to 1.84) |
| Former | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.22) | 1.15 (0.90 to 1.47) | 1.15 (0.65 to 2.04) | 0.75 (0.49 to 1.12) | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.52) |
| Current | 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31) | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.26) | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.63) | 1.37 (1.06 to 1.78) | 1.52 (1.08 to 2.15) |
| Pack years of exposure: | |||||
| <8.8 | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.38) | 1.26 (0.98 to 1.63) | 1.62 (0.86 to 2.70) | 1.10 (0.72 to 1.69) | 1.35 (0.79 to 2.31) |
| 8.8-17.9 | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.31) | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.33) | 1.39 (0.81 to 2.39) | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.64) | 1.25 (0.76 to 2.07) |
| ≥18.0 | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28) | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.25) | 0.79 (0.48 to 1.31) | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.61) | 1.36 (0.94 to 1.96) |
| Trend test | P=0.155 | P=0.811 | P=0.589 | P=0.080 | P=0.029 |
| Workplace†(n=66 520) | |||||
| Ever exposed | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.28) | 1.19 (0.94 to 1.50) | 1.79 (1.09 to 2.93) | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.32) | 0.73 (0.44 to 1.20) |
| Years of exposure: | |||||
| <10 | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.37) | 1.03 (0.70 to 1.51) | 1.58 (0.73 to 3.45) | 0.86 (0.47 to 1.57) | 0.47 (0.17 to 1.29) |
| 10-24 | 1.06 (0.82 to 1.38) | 1.20 (0.85 to 1.70) | 1.28 (0.57 to 2.87) | 0.96 (0.56 to 1.65) | 0.95 (0.47 to 1.90) |
| >24 | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.45) | 1.31 (0.95 to 1.81) | 2.45 (1.32 to 4.56) | 0.93 (0.54 to 1.58) | 0.74 (0.35 to 1.56) |
| Trend test | P=0.292 | P=0.076 | P=0.003 | P=0.864 | P=0.520 |
| In early life†(n=66 520) | |||||
| Ever exposed | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.14) | 0.79 (0.63 to 0.98) | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.43) | 1.26 (0.94 to 1.69) | 1.10 (0.74 to 1.63) |
| Years of exposure: | |||||
| <20 | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.14) | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.01) | 0.88 (0.50 to 1.55) | 1.21 (0.86 to 1.70) | 0.91 (0.56 to 1.47) |
| ≥20 | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.28) | 0.81 (0.59 to 1.11) | 0.89 (0.45 to 1.77) | 1.36 (0.90 to 2.05) | 1.46 (0.86 to 2.45) |
| Trend test | P=0.807 | P=0.077 | P=0.980 | P=0.029 | P=0.342 |
| All 3 sources (n=59 675) | |||||
| Ever exposed | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.41) | 1.06 (0.80 to 1.40) | 1.03 (0.57 to 1.87) | 1.45 (0.95 to 2.22) | 1.64 (0.91 to 2.95) |
| Source of exposure: | |||||
| Husband only | 1.26 (0.99 to 1.59) | 1.25 (0.90 to 1.74) | 0.89 (0.42 to 1.92) | 1.52 (0.92 to 2.50) | 2.21 (1.15 to 4.24) |
| Early life only | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.28) | 0.41 (0.20 to 0.82) | 0.21 (0.03 to 1.61) | 1.82 (0.96 to 3.43) | 1.86 (0.77 to 4.46) |
| Workplace only | 1.28 (0.92 to 1.79) | 1.71 (1.13 to 2.58) | 2.23 (0.95 to 5.27) | 0.80 (0.32 to 1.96) | 0.49 (0.11 to 2.18) |
| Husband+early life | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.40) | 0.91 (0.61 to 1.35) | 0.81 (0.34 to 1.94) | 1.42 (0.82 to 2.45) | 1.25 (0.56 to 2.77) |
| Husband+workplace | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.42) | 0.81 (0.48 to 1.36) | 1.24 (0.44 to 3.51) | 1.30 (0.62 to 2.74) | 1.47 (0.55 to 3.91) |
| Early life+workplace | 1.13 (0.74 to 1.72) | 1.00 (0.56 to 1.79) | 0.77 (0.17 to 3.43) | 1.11 (0.42 to 2.93) | 0.88 (0.20 to 3.91) |
| All | 1.38 (1.00 to 1.89) | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.79) | 2.17 (0.94 to 5.03) | 1.74 (0.89 to 3.40) | 2.16 (0.91 to 5.13) |
*
Derived from Cox regression models with age as the time to scale; also adjusted for education, occupation, family income, physical activity, body mass index, and intake of meat, vegetables, and fruit.
†
Regardless of whether exposed to other sources.