Fig. 3.

Estimated long-term low-density growth rates in constant and variable environments. The potential for each species [B. curtipendula (A), B. hirsuta (B), and S. scoparium (C)] to invade a resident community, measured by the species’ long-term low-density exponential growth rate, was much higher in simulations incorporating observed interannual variability in survival and colonization than in simulations based on constant mean survival and colonization.