Table 1.

Causes of acute renal failure in cancer patients

Pre-renal failure	Sepsis
	Extracellular dehydration (diarrhoea, mucitis, vomiting)
	Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (formerly called hepatic veno-occlusive disease)
	Drugs (e.g., calcineurin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs)
	Capillary-leak syndrome (IL2)
Intrinsic failure
Acute tubular necrosis	Ischaemia (shock, severe sepsis)
	Nephrotoxic agents (contrast agents, aminoglycosides, amphotericin, ifosfamide, cisplatin)
	Disseminated intravascular coagulation
	Intravascular haemolysis
Acute interstitial nephritis	Immuno-allergic nephritis
	Pyelonephritis
	Cancer infiltration (e.g., lymphoma, metastasis)
	Nephrocalcinosis
Vascular nephritis	Thrombotic microangiopathy
	Vascular obstruction
Glomerulonephritis	Amyloidosis (AL, myeloma; AA, renal carcinoma or Hodgkin's disease)
	Immunotactoid glomerulopathy
	Membranous glomerulonephritis (pulmonary, breast or gastric carcinoma)
	IgA glomerulonephritis, focal glomerulosclerosis
Post-renal failure	Intra-renal obstruction (e.g., urate crystals, light chain, acyclovir, methotrexate)
	Extrarenal obstruction (retroperitonal fibrosis, ureteral or bladder outlet obstruction)

ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.