Table 1.

Characteristics of randomized clinical trials comparing percutaneous dilatational and surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients

Study	No. of Participants	Mean age (years)	Male (%)	Population	Method of PDT	Location ST performed	Location PDT performed	ST performed by	PDT performed by	Use of bronchoscopic guidance for PDT
Hazard [30]	46	63.1	54.3	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	ICU or OT	ICU	Staff	Trainee	No
Crofts [26]	53	59.3	58.5	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	OT	ICU	Trainee	Trainee	No
Friedman [28]	53	54.5	58.5	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	OT	ICU	Staff	Trainee	No
Holdgaard [32]	60	60	76.7	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	OT	OR	Trainee	Staff	No
Jong Joon [21]	38	61	71	Medical ICU	Multiple dilator	ICU	ICU	Trainee	Trainee	Yes
Gysin [29]	70	55.5	NR	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	ICU or OT	ICU or OT	Staff	Staff	Yes
Porter [34]	24	44.8	79.2	Surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	ICU	ICU	Trainee	Trainee	Yes
Raine [35]	100	43.1	66	Medical/surgical ICU	Forceps	ICU	ICU	Staff	Staff	No
Heikkinen [31]	57	64.6	70.2	Medical/surgical ICU	Forceps	ICU	ICU	Staff	Staff	No
Freeman [27]	80	63.4	46.3	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	OT	ICU	NR	NR	Yes
Massick [40]	100	NR	NR	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	ICU	ICU	Trainee	Trainee	Yes
Melloni [33]	50	56.5	62	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	ICU or OT	ICU	Staff	Staff	Yes
Sustic [36]	16	36	81.3	Neurosurgical ICU	Forceps	OT	ICU	Staff	Staff	No
Wu [38]	83	68.8	78.3	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	OT	ICU	Trainee	Staff	Yes
Antonelli [25]	139	63.5	59.7	Medical/surgical ICU	Translaryngeal	OT	ICU	Staff	Staff	No
Tabaee [37]	43	60.1	39.5	Medical/surgical ICU	Single dilator	ICU	ICU	Trainee	Trainee	Yes
Silvester [39]	200	60.7	68.5	Medical/surgical ICU	Multiple dilator	ICU	ICU	Trainee	Trainee	Yes

ICU, intensive care unit; NR, not reported; OT, operating theatre; PDT, percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy; ST, surgical tracheostomy.