Table 1.
Review of AMS scales available in different languages Characteristic of linguistic & cultural translation
| Internationally recommended translations | Incomplete translations | |||||||||||
| German | English | Swedish | Dutch | Spanish | Portuguese | Italian | Japanese | Korean* | Finnish | Russian | Flemish | |
| Source language | Original | German | English | English | English | English | English | English | English | English | English | English |
| Forward translations: number | n.a. | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Forward translation: consensus meeting | n.a. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Bilingual (medical) expert | n.a. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Backward translation | n.a. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Not yet | No | No | No |
| Backward translation: consensus meeting | n.a. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Not yet | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Pretest with patients (cognitive debriefing) | n.a. | Yes (20) | Yes (20) | Yes (5) | Yes (5) | Yes (20) | Yes (20) | Yes (5) | Yes(25) | Yes | No | Yes |
| Developer of the scale involved in the translation process | n.a. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Test-retest (number) | Yes (102) | Yes (92) | Yes (48) | No | Yes (30) | Yes (40) | Yes (40) | No | Yes (25) | Yes (89/208) | No | No |
| Clinical study with AMS | Yes | No? | Planned | Yes | Yes | Planned | Planned | Planned | Yes? | Yes | No | (Yes) |
n.a. = not applicable * = to be completed in due course