Figure 1.

Illustration of the techniques used to measure impairments associated with PFPS

(A) Hamstrings length - straight leg raise test

(B) Tightness of the lateral retinacular structures - patellar tilt test

(C) Q-angle

(D) Tibial torsion - angle formed between inter-epicondilar and intermalleolar lines

(E) Quadriceps muscle length - quadriceps femoris muscle angle

(F) Femoral anteversion - Craig’s test

(G) Plantar flexors length

(H) Hip external rotation strength

(I) Hip abduction strength

(J) ITB/TFL complex length- Ober’s test

(K) Foot pronation - navicular drop test

(L) Quality of movement - example of lateral step down test trial using arm strategy