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The relative changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (top), heart rate (HR) (middle), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (bottom) during volume loading with lactated Ringer’s solution and induction of general (10 min, dashed arrows) and epidural anesthesia (20 min, real line arrow) in 53 patients (mean (SD))
* General different than epidural P<0.05
