Fig. 2.

(a) Blood volume expansion (VE) expressed as ml/kg during 60-min of 1000 lactated Ringer’s solution; (b) Volume expansion efficiency (VEE) calculated as volume expansion (ml) divided by infused volume (ml) for lactated Ringer’s solution

The infusion started as time 0. Zero on the ordinate (y axis) represents blood volume expansion at baseline. Each data point represents the mean (SD); ^*General different than epidural P<0.05