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(a) In the field, helpers that were unrelated to the breeding male (n=12) performed more territory defence than did those related to the breeding male (n=10). (b) In the field, helpers that were unrelated to the breeding female (n=15) performed less territory defence than did those related to the breeding female (n=14). (c) In the laboratory, helping was more frequent in groups where helpers were unrelated to both breeders (nR =11, nUR =11).
