Figure 4.
The Beverton–Holt, Skellam and ramp model for b=4 and n=100. The Beverton–Holt is the case λ=1 of equation (3.14) while the Skellam model is obtained in the limit as λ→∞. The ramp model is a consequence if contest competition, equation (3.10), under the ideal-free distribution, equation (3.8).