Table 2.

Empirical comparative analyses of biological correlates of vulnerability in fishes.

taxa	location	traits considered	mortality controlled?	vulnerability metric	trait correlated with vulnerability	references
various: 18 stocks	NE Atlantic	size, age mature, growth, fecundity	yes	population trend	large size, late maturity	Jennings et al. (1998)
various	global	trophic level	no	changes in landings	high trophic level	Pauly et al. (1998)
various: 23 species	North Sea	size, age mature, growth, fecundity	no	population trend	large size, late maturity, slow growth	Jennings et al. (1999a)
various: 90 stocks	global	demersal versus pelagic	no	population recovery	demersal behaviour	Hutchings (2000)
various: 90 stocks	global	demersal versus pelagic	yes	population recovery	demersal behaviour	Hutchings (2001)
reef species: 2 MPAs	Philippines	size	no	population trend	large size	Russ & Alcala (1998)
reef species: 3 families	Fiji	size, age mature, growth	no	population trend	late maturity, slow growth, large size	Jennings et al. (1999b)
reef species: 12 MPAs	global	size	no	differences in abundance	large size	Mosqueira et al. (2000)
sharks: 26 species	Pacific	size, age mature, max age	yes	rebound potential at MSY (index of r)	late maturity, large size, high max age	Smith et al. (1998)
sharks: 20 species	Pacific	size, age mature, fecundity, max age	yes	rebound potential at MSY (index of r)	late maturity, high max age	Stevens et al. (2000)
skates: 8 species	North Sea	size, age mature	no	population trend	large size, late maturity	Walker & Heessen (1996)
skates: 7 species	w. UK	size, growth, length mature	yes	population trend	large size	Dulvy et al. (2000)
skates: 230 species	global	size, range size	no	local extinction	large size	Dulvy & Reynolds (2002)
teleosts: 63 stocks	NE Atlantic	size, age mature, growth, fecundity	yes	low recruitment in small pop. (index of r)	large size, demersal ecology	Denney et al. (2002)
Atlantic cod: 20 stocks	N. Atlantic	age mature, temperature	yes	low recruitment in small pop. (index of r)	late maturity	Myers et al. (1997)

Abbreviations: MPAs, marine protected areas; MSY, maximum stable yield.