Table 1.
Review on studies on shifts in phenology where a yardstick to assess whether these shifts are sufficient can be identified.
| species | phenological event | yardstick | response | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D. pulicaria (fresh water zooplankton) | abundance | diatom (A. formosa) bloom | too little | Winder & Schindler (2004) |
| K. cochlearis (fresh water zooplankton) | abundance | diatom (A. formosa) bloom | sufficient | Winder & Schindler (2004) |
| M. balthica (a marine intertidal bivalve) | spawning | phytoplankton bloom and settlement of juvenile shrimps (Cragon cragon) | unclear | Philippart et al. (2003) |
| winter moth (O. brumata) | egg hatching | oak (Q. robur) bud burst | too much | Visser & Holleman (2001) |
| orange tip butterfly (A. cardamines) | first appearance | garlic mustard (A. petiolata) flowering date | sufficient (?) | Sparks & Yates (1997), Harrington et al. (1999) |
| red admiral (V. atalanta) | migration–return date | stinging nettle (U. dioica) flowering | too much | Sparks et al. (2005) |
| great tit (P. major) | laying date | caterpillar biomass peak | too little | Visser et al. (1998), Visser et al. (in press b) |
| great tit (P. major) | laying date | caterpillar biomass peak | sufficient | Cresswell & McCleery (2003) |
| golden plover (P. apricaria) | laying date | insect abundance peak | unknown | Pearce-Higgins et al. (2005) |
| black-legged kittiwake (R. tridactyla), common guillemot (U. aalge), European shag (P. aristotelis) | laying date | sandeel (Ammadytes marinus) abundance peak | unknown | Rindorf et al. (2000), Frederiksen et al. (2004) |
| puffin (F. artica) | laying date | herring (C. harengus) abundance peak | unknown | Durant et al. (2003) |
| wood warblers (Parulidae) | migration | eastern spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) density peak | too little | Strode (2003) |
| pied flycatcher (F. hypoleuca) | migration–arrival date | caterpillar biomass peak | too little | Both & Visser (2001) |
| honey-buzzard (P. apivorus) | migration–arrival date | wasp (Vespula sp.) abundance peak | too little | R. Bijlsma (unpublished data) |
| American robin (T. migratorius) | migration–arrival date | snow melt | too much | Inouye et al. (2000) |
Responses are classified as either too strong (the shift is larger than the shift in the yardstick), sufficient or too weak. In some cases, the shift in the yardstick is not reported and these are classified as unknown. In the Macoma example, it is unclear whether the shift is sufficient, see text. For an example on a marine pelagic community (Edwards & Richardson 2004), see text.