Table 1.
Hypoglossal canal cross-sectional areas for modern specimens examined
| Taxon | No. of individuals | No. of canals | Hypoglossal canal area,
mm2
|
Canal area/palate size
(×10−4)
|
Canal area/oral cavity size
(×10−4)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | |||
| Homo sapiens | 104 | 141 | 4.4–36.5 | 13.8 | 6.1 | 1.7–18.7 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 0.6–5.8 | 1.8 | 1.0 |
| Pan troglodytes | 6 | 11 | 5.8–14.5 | 9.1 | 3.2 | 1.0–7.4 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 0.4–2.5 | 1.3 | 0.6 |
| Gorilla gorilla | 5 | 7 | 8.3–17.5 | 12.7 | 3.8 | 0.9–3.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.3–1.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
| Pongo pygmaeus | 2 | 3 | 3.4–5.6 | 4.2 | 1.2 | 2.9–4.8 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
| Hylobates lar | 3 | 4 | 4.1–6.1 | 5.0 | 0.8 | 8.6–12.7 | 10.4 | 1.7 | 3.2–4.8 | 3.9 | 0.7 |
| Hylobates moloch | 2 | 3 | 2.7–6.9 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 4.0–20.4 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 1.9–7.2 | 3.7 | 3.0 |
| Cercopithecus aethiops | 1 | 1 | 1.7 | — | — | 7.9 | — | — | 2.5 | — | — |
| Cercopithecus neglectus | 1 | 2 | 2.8–3.0 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 3.6–3.8 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 1.2–1.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 |
| Cercopithecus talapoin | 1 | 2 | 1.6–2.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 14.5–20.8 | 17.7 | 4.5 | 4.5–6.5 | 5.5 | 1.4 |
| Colobus badius | 1 | 2 | 3.9–4.2 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 22.2–23.7 | 23.0 | 1.1 | 6.5–7.0 | 6.8 | 0.3 |
| Colobus polykomos | 1 | 1 | 6.5 | — | — | 6.6 | — | — | 2.1 | — | — |
| Erythrocebus patas | 1 | 2 | 4.2–5.4 | 4.8 | 0.9 | 11.0–14.2 | 12.6 | 2.3 | 3.5–4.6 | 4.1 | 0.7 |
| Macaca sp. | 1 | 2 | 5.3–5.6 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 6.4–6.8 | 6.6 | 0.3 | 1.8–1.9 | 1.9 | 0.1 |
| Macaca fascicularis | 1 | 2 | 2.6–2.8 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 4.1–4.4 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 1.3–1.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 |
| Macaca maurus | 1 | 2 | 4.8–5.0 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 4.0–4.1 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 1.2–1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
| Macaca mulatta | 2 | 4 | 1.7–10.1 | 6.1 | 3.4 | 4.3–13.7 | 8.1 | 4.2 | 1.1–3.5 | 2.2 | 1.1 |
| Macaca nemestrina | 1 | 2 | 5.8–6.8 | 6.3 | 0.7 | 2.6–3.1 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 0.9–1.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 |
| Macaca nigra | 1 | 1 | 6.9 | — | — | 2.9 | — | — | 1.0 | — | — |
| Mandrillus sphinx | 1 | 2 | 6.6–8.5 | 7.5 | 1.3 | 9.0–11.6 | 10.3 | 1.8 | 1.9–2.4 | 2.1 | 0.4 |
| Papio sp. | 1 | 2 | 8.4–8.5 | 8.4 | 0.1 | 1.8–1.8 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| Papio anubis | 3 | 6 | 4.8–10.3 | 7.1 | 2.3 | 2.2–4.3 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| Papio ursinus | 6 | 11 | 5.9–11.8 | 8.7 | 1.9 | 2.3–8.4 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 0.7–2.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 |
| Presbytis sp. | 1 | 1 | 3.4 | — | — | 6.4 | — | — | 2.0 | — | — |
| Presbytis entelleus | 1 | 2 | 2.8–3.5 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 3.9–4.9 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 1.2–1.5 | 1.4 | 0.2 |
| Theropithecus gelada | 1 | 1 | 2.7 | — | — | 1.0 | — | — | 0.3 | — | — |
| Alouatta palliata | 12 | 16 | 2.8–7.0 | 4.6 | 1.1 | 4.7–11.4 | 7.6 | 2.4 | 1.3–3.3 | 2.0 | 0.6 |
| Aotus vociferans | 2 | 3 | 0.9–2.1 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 15.2–30.5 | 20.9 | 8.4 | 3.2–7.9 | 5.1 | 2.4 |
| Ateles geoffroyi | 4 | 7 | 2.4–4.0 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 6.3–10.3 | 7.6 | 1.5 | 1.9–2.7 | 2.2 | 0.3 |
| Cebus albifrons | 1 | 2 | 4.3–4.3 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 10.8–10.9 | 10.8 | 0.0 | 3.0–3.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
| Cebus apella | 2 | 3 | 2.8–3.5 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 9.5–12.0 | 8.0 | 1.3 | 2.9–3.4 | 2.3 | 0.2 |
| Cebus capucinus | 6 | 10 | 3.3–6.5 | 4.8 | 1.0 | 10.0–18.5 | 14.2 | 2.9 | — | — | — |
| Nycticebus coucang | 1 | 2 | 2.4–2.5 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 32.2–32.5 | 32.6 | 0.6 | 7.4–7.6 | 7.5 | 0.1 |
| Perodicticus potto | 2 | 4 | 0.8–1.8 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 15.0–36.0 | 24.6 | 9.0 | 3.1–7.4 | 5.7 | 2.0 |