Table 2.

Fisher's exact test (presence–absence data) and chi-squared test (quantitative data) for possible associations between male ornaments and sex-chromosome system in 154 species of actinopterygiian fishes. The body of each table shows numbers of species observed (and expected under the null hypothesis of random association) to display various combinations of these traits.

male ornaments	sex chromosome system
ZZ–ZW	XX–XY
absent	42 (39.2)	62 (64.8)
present	16 (18.9)	34 (31.2)
d.f.=1, p>0.2
no ornaments	42 (39.2)	62 (64.8)
one ornament type	7 (10.6)	21 (17.4)
two ornament types	9 (8.3)	13 (13.7)
χ2=2.38, p>0.2