Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristic of Study Sample
| Characteristic |
Italy N = 30 |
France N = 30 |
UK N = 30 |
US N = 161 |
| Gender (%) | ||||
| Female | 50 | 33 | 50 | 59 |
| Male | 50 | 67 | 50 | 41 |
| Age in years | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 48 (12.5) | 46 (16.3) | 41 (15.1) | 34.7 (10.7) |
| Marital status (%)1 | ||||
| Living alone | 10 | 20 | 23 | |
| Living with someone | 67 | 70 | 57 | |
| Other | 23 | 10 | 20 | |
| Employment status (%) | ||||
| Full time paid employment | 45 | 63 | 47 | 70 |
| Part time paid employment | 10 | 10 | 23 | 7 |
| Unemployed | 3 | 13 | 3 | 6 |
| Retired | 21 | 0 | 13 | 2 |
| Other | 21 | 13 | 13 | 15 |
| Educational attainment (%) | ||||
| Elementary school | 17 | 10 | 0 | 8 |
| High school graduate | 40 | 20 | 45 | 46 |
| College graduate | 27 | 20 | 52 | 25 |
| Graduate degree | 13 | 23 | 3 | 21 |
| Other (e.g., technical school) | 3 | 27 | 0 | |
| Co-morbidities (%)1 | ||||
| Arthritis | 7 | 3 | 17 | |
| Low back pain | 27 | 30 | 13 | |
| Cancer | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
| Diabetes | 7 | 7 | 3 | |
| Heart Disease | 10 | 3 | 10 | |
| Other | 33 | 23 | 13 | |
| Physician-rated disease severity (%) | ||||
| Mild Intermittent | 20 | 7 | 13 | 26 |
| Mild Persistent | 13 | 30 | 23 | 32 |
| Moderate | 33 | 30 | 30 | 27 |
| Severe | 33 | 33 | 33 | 15 |
1Data not collected in the US study