Table 1.

Differences in patterns of predation, human harvest, and moose behaviour during the twentieth century between Scandinavia and North America.

	North America	North America	Scandinavia
	Alaska	Isle Royale	south-central
proportion of mortality due to predation from large predators	higha (50–80%)	highb (>58%)	absentc (wolves) or very low <2% (brown bears)
annual human harvest in the moose population during the last 50 years	low (<5%)	no harvest (National Park)	highd (25–40%)
harvest methods	no use of dogs (use of dogs prohibited for moose harvest)	no harvest (National Park)	dogs commonly used (20–30% of all moose shot by the use of baying dogs)
moose fronting wolves during wolf attackse	commonf (20 out of 36=56%)	commong (36 out of 114=32%)	uncommon (4 out of 49=8%)
moose cows aggressive towards humans at calf capture events	commonh (helicopters used to keep the cow separated from the calf and capture crew)	no capture of calves (National Park)	rare (2 out of 131=1.5% capture events resulted in aggressive behaviour of moose cows)

^aOrians et al. 1997; Ballenberge & Ballard 1998; Ballard & Ballenberge 1998.

^bPeterson 1977.

^cWabakken et al. 2001; Swenson et al. 1994.

^dMarkgren 1969; Lavsund & Sandegren 1989; Solberg et al. 2003.

^ere-calculated data for moose surviving an attack by wolves.

^fPeterson et al. 1984.

^gMech 1966.

^hBallard et al. 1979; Gasaway et al. 1992; Franzman 1998.