Figure 1.

A fifth instar larva of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon with the colour patterns used in the experiment. Images (a)–(c) on Angelica archangelica in the shore habitat and images (d)–(f) on Peusedanum palustre in the fen habitat. The three larval colourations used were the normal, unmanipulated colour pattern (black and green bands and orange dots; (a) and (d)), the manipulated, uniformly green colour pattern (b) and (e) and the manipulated, black colouration with enlarged orange spots (c) and (f).