Figure 4.

Ethidium fluorescence (A) and Mac-1 immunostaining (B) are minimal in the saline-treated mice. By 2 days after MPTP injections, SNpc ethidium fluorescence is increased in WT mice (C) and is absent in gp91^phox-deficient mice (E) and minocycline-treated WT mice (G). Microglial activation is prevented by minocycline (H) but is normal in gp91^phox-deficient mice (E). MPTP stimulates NADPH-oxidase activation, as evidenced by p67^phox translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane in WT mice (wt), but not in gp91^phox-deficient mice (ko) (I and J); the membrane protein calnexin is used to normalize the data. Data are means ± SEM for four to six samples per group. *, P < 0.05, higher than controls; #, P < 0.05, less than MPTP-injected WT mice, but not different from both saline-injected groups.