Proposed structure of nukacin ISK-1 showing its fragments and mutants used for this study. A-S-A, lanthionine; Abu-S-A, 3-methyllanthionine; Dhb, dehydrobutyrine. Tail region (nukacin1-7) was synthesized chemically, ring region (nukacin7-27) was generated by digestion with Pfu N-acetyl deblocking amino peptidase, and nukacin4-27 fragment was obtained by digestion with endoproteinase Lys-C. K1-3A nukacin ISK-1 and +2K nukacin ISK-1 were generated by genetic engineering.