FIG. 1.

Infection with SARS-CoV induces GRP94 and GRP78. (A) Induction of GRP94 expression. FRhK4 cells were either mock infected or infected with SARS-CoV. Cells harvested at 24 hpi were lysed and immunoblotted with anti-GRP94 and anti-β-actin. (B and C) Transcriptional activation of GRP94 and GRP78 promoters. Vero cells were transfected with pGRP94/78-Luc plasmid at 24 h before infection with SARS-CoV (□) or with UVC-inactivated SARS-CoV (▪). Cells were harvested for dual luciferase assay at the indicated time points. RLA values shown represent the means ± standard deviations of the results from three separate infections. Control plasmid pRLSV40 expressing Renilla luciferase was cotransfected into cells and used for normalization of transfection efficiency.