Table 1.

Population genetic subdivision among selected geographical locations in five species of Halichoeres. (Asterisk (*) represents comparisons of localities in different environments (tropical versus subtropical in H. bivittatus; inshore versus offshore in H. radiatus/brasiliensis, H. maculipinna and H. poeyi). Symbols used: PLD, mean pelagic larval duration in days; distance, straight line distance in km; Φ_ST, genetic separation between populations (negative values indicate very high gene flow); TN, mean sequence divergence calculated using the Tamura–Nei substitution model (a dash indicates that locations share one or more haplotypes); **significant population structure at α=0.05.)

pairwise comparisons	PLD (days)	distance (km)	ΦST	TN distance
Halichoeres bivittatus	24.2
Bermuda inshore–Bermuda offshore*		2	0.57**	0.02–3.6%
Florida inshore–Florida offshore*		10	0.65**	0.02–3.6%
Gulf of Mexico–Bahamas*		350	0.91**	3.5%
Gulf of Mexico–Belize*		1200	0.94**	3.6%
Bahamas–St Croix (USVI)		1580	0.001	—
Panama–Bahamas		1860	0.004	—
Gulf of Mexico–Panama*		2000	0.93**	3.5%
Gulf of Mexico–Venezuela*		2100	0.94**	3.6%
St Croix–Belize		2430	0.04	—
St Croix–NE Brazil		3100	0.59**	0.04%
Florida inshore–NE Brazil*		4800	0.80**	3.6%
Florida offshore–NE Brazil		4800	0.25**	0.02–3.6%
Belize–NE Brazil		5100	0.50**	—
Halichoeres radiatus and brasiliensis	26
F. de Noronha–NE Brazil*		340	0.96**	2.4%
St Paul's Rocks–NE Brazil*		1000	0.98**	2.4%
St Croix–Bermuda		1550	0.01	—
St Paul's Rocks–St Croix		3900	0.62**	—
F. de Noronha–St Croix		4200	0.14	—
Halichoeres maculipinna	29
Florida Keys–Bahamas		100	−0.10	—
Florida Keys–Belize		980	−0.07	—
Florida Keys–Venezuela		1780	−0.10	—
NE Brazil–SE Brazil		3000	0.01	—
St Croix–NE Brazil*		3100	0.97**	6.6%
Venezuela–NE Brazil*		3200	0.97**	6.5%
Halichoeres poeyi	25
St Croix–Belize		2430	0.05	—
NE Brazil–SE Brazil		3000	−0.04	—
St Croix–NE Brazil*		3100	0.32**	—
Belize–NE Brazil*		5100	0.34**	—