Table 1.
Empirical patterns of the stress-induced phenotypic and genetic variation.
| general phenomenon | specific pattern (organisms) | references |
|---|---|---|
| stress-induced generation of novel genetic variation | exposure to stress induces directional and locally adaptive mutations (green alga, bacteria, yeast, Daphnia) | Ruvinsky et al. (1983), Cairns et al. (1988), Hall (1990), Steele & Jinks-Robertson (1992), Foster (2000), Goho & Bell (2000), Sniegowski et al. (2000), Bjedov et al. (2003) and Wright (2004) |
| increase in evolutionary rate of a gene (cyanobacteria; human) | Prody et al. (1989) and Dvornyk et al. (2002) | |
| increase in frequency of sexual recombination (Volvox) | Nedelcu & Michod (2003) | |
| increase in mutation and/or recombination rates (many species) | Belyaev & Borodin (1982), Parsons (1988), Selker (1990) and Imasheva (1999) | |
| increase in stress-induced transposition (plants, Drosophila) | McClintock (1984), Bownes (1990), Rather et al. (1992) and Wessler (1996) | |
| appearance of primitive, ancestor-like forms | Guex (2001) | |
| stress challenge of general homeostasis releases hidden variation | phenotypic responses to stress mimic the expression of mutation | Goldschmidt (1940), Waddington (1941, 1953), Milkman (1965), Ho et al. (1983), Chow & Chan (1999) and Schlichting & Smith (2002) |
| phenotypically neutral genetic variance in ancestral forms of domesticated organisms becomes adaptive in the hybrid backgrounds, including domesticated forms (soybeans, maize, sunflowers) and other organisms | Roth et al. (1989), Lauter & Doebley (2002), Rieseberg et al. (2003), Innan & Kim (2004), Pelabon et al. (2004), Piffanell et al. (2004) and Seehausen (2004) | |
| environment dependency and context dependency in expression of genetic variation | Kondrashov & Houle (1994), Threadgill et al. (1995), Leips & MacKay (2000) and Keller et al. (2002) | |
| complex and redundant developmental systems enable accumulation of mutational variance | Szafraniec et al. (2001) | |
| stress challenge of specific buffering mechanisms releases hidden variation | stress-induced changes in regulation of chaperone proteins releases normally unexpressed genetic variation | Rutherford & Lindquist (1998), Queitsch et al. (2002) and Ruden et al. (2003) |
| release of cryptic genetic variation by artificial selection (Drosophila) | Gibson & Hogness (1996) and Dworkin et al. (2003) | |
| epigenetic regulation of genes uncovers normally unexpressed phenotypic variation | Rutherford (2003), Sollars et al. (2003) and True et al. (2004) |