Table 2.

Empirical patterns of the relationship between stress and homeostasis.

general phenomenon	specific pattern	references
stress increases homeostasis	stress-induced increase in resource exchange leads to a greater developmental integration among normally independent organismal components in animals raised under stress	Sciulli et al. (1979), Schandorff (1997) and Klingenberg et al. (2001)
exposure to stress prevents the expression of deleterious mutations in Escherichia coli	Kishony & Leibler (2003)
increased homeostatic interactions within reproductive systems counteracts the stress effects on the organism when breeding opportunities are limited	Wingfield & Sapolsky (2003)
stress decreases homeostasis	increase in developmental noise and variation in numerous organismal traits	Parsons (1990), Hoffmann & Parsons (1997), Møller & Swaddle (1997), Polak (2003) and Badyaev (2004)
destruction of the nest site leads to temporary breaking of the strict hierarchical social structure and rapid proliferation of random individual search routes that facilitate finding of a new nest site in social ant species	Britton et al. (1998) and Couzin & Franks (2003)