gpdh-1 and gpdh-2 are required for adaptation to hypertonic stress. (a) Whole-animal glycerol levels in the wild type and gpdh-1;gpdh-2 double mutants. L1 larvae were grown on control or 200 mM NaCl agar plates for 3–4 days before glycerol measurements. For measurements at 400 mM NaCl, L1 larvae were grown on 200 mM NaCl until the L4 stage of development and then shifted to 400 mM NaCl plates for 24 h. Values are means ± SE (n = 3). ∗, P < 0.01 compared with wild type; †, P < 0.001 compared with wild type. (b) Brood size in wild-type and gpdh-1;gpdh-2 double-mutant worms. Values are means ± SE (n = 9–21). ∗, P < 0.01 compared with wild type. (c) Rate of growth in wild-type and gpdh-1;gpdh-2 double-mutant worms exposed to 400 mM NaCl. Worm size was quantified as time-of-flight by using a COPAS Biosort. Values are means ± SE (n > 300). ∗, P < 0.01 compared with wild type.