Table 1.

List of symbols used and their definitions

Symbol	Definition
ωr	First natural frequency
kC	Linear spring constant
ωrA	First natural frequency after protein layer attachment
ωrB	First natural frequency after target analyte capture
mC	Effective mass of the cantilever
mA	Effective mass of the protein layer
mB	Mass of the target analyte biomolecule
ΔωrA	Change in resonant frequency after protein layer attachment
ΔωrB	Change in resonant frequency after target analyte biomolecules capture
kC+A	Linear spring constant of the cantilever after protein layer attachment
LC	Length of cantilever beam
WC	Width of cantilever beam
tC	Thickness of cantilever beam
tA	Thickness of protein layer
AC	Surface area of cantilever beam
LC,T	Transition length of cantilever that predicts reversal of sign of ΔωrA after protein layer attachment
tC,T	Transition thickness of cantilever that predicts reversal of sign of ΔωrA after protein layer attachment
Ecomp	Young’s modulus of the composite protein/cantilever layer
ρcomp	Density of the composite protein/cantilever layer
ρC	Density of the cantilever material
ρA	Density of the protein layer
kB	Boltzmann’s constant
T	Temperature of surrounding medium
B	Measurement bandwidth
Q	Unloaded quality factor of cantilever beam
〈Â〉	Square root of the mean-square amplitude of the vibration of the cantilever