Table 1.

Results of the ANOVAs (mixed model) on wing area, viability (performed on the square root of the arcsine of the percentage value) and developmental time. The populations were grouped, with respect to their origin (Location), in temperate (Paris, Bologna and Bologna thermal stock 18°C) and tropical (Belém and Saõ Tomè). Location and temperature are fixed effects, population is nested within location within temperature.

		WING AREA		VIABILITY		DEVELOPMENTAL TIME
Source of variation	df	MS	F	MS	F	MS	F
Location	1	5.3095	103.9 ***	0.0026	0.0057	14.53	3.09 †
Temperature	3	4.31	84.3 ***	1.294	2.81 †	17901	3775 ***
Location × temperature	3	0.1539	3.01 †	0.274	0.6	13.67	2.88 †
Population within location and temperature	12/12/11	0.0511	33.9 ***	0.46	69.4 ***	4.7	8.11 ***
Residuals	180/175/170	0.0015		0.0067		0.585

† 0.10 <P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; F, variance ratio.