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. 2005 Feb 28;360(1454):425–441. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1594

Table 1.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classification of ecosystem services (MA 2003).

provisioning regulating cultural supporting
goods produced or provided by ecosystems: benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes: non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems: services necessary for production of other ecosystem services:
 food  climate regulation  spiritual  soil formation
 fresh water  disease regulation  recreational  nutrient cycling
 fuel-wood  flood regulation  aesthetic  primary production
 fibre  detoxification  inspirational
 biochemicals  educational
 genetic resources  communal
 symbolic