Table 1.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classification of ecosystem services (MA 2003).
provisioning | regulating | cultural | supporting |
---|---|---|---|
goods produced or provided by ecosystems: | benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes: | non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems: | services necessary for production of other ecosystem services: |
food | climate regulation | spiritual | soil formation |
fresh water | disease regulation | recreational | nutrient cycling |
fuel-wood | flood regulation | aesthetic | primary production |
fibre | detoxification | inspirational | |
biochemicals | educational | ||
genetic resources | communal | ||
symbolic |