Figure 5.

Schematic using empirical results reported in Baldeweg et al. (2004) relating the MMN to a predictive error suppression during perceptual learning. The idea is that perceptual synthesis (E-step) minimizes prediction error ‘online’ to terminate an early negativity, while perceptual learning (M-step) attenuates its expression over repeated exposures (solid black bars). The magnitude of MMN increases with number N of standards in each ‘roving’ stimulus train. This may be due to the suppression of an N1-like component over repeated presentation of the standards (dotted lines) that reveals the MMN.