Table 2.

Pharmacodynamic (drug target) polymorphisms associated with variation in medication response.

gene	medication	phenotype change	references
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)	ACE inhibitors (imidapril, enalapril)	blood pressure, kidney damage reduction, left ventricular hypertrophy reduction, blood vessel stenosis	Ohmichi et al. (1997), Jacobsen et al. (1998), Penno et al. (1998), Kohno et al. (1999) and Okamura et al. (1999)
arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase (ALOX)	anti-asthmatics (leukotriene inhibitors)	forced expiratory volume (FEV-1) improvement	Drazen et al. (2003)
beta 2 adrenergic receptor (ADRBR2)	beta-2 agonists (albuterol)	vascular reactivity, bronchodilation	Lima et al. (1999), Martinez et al. (1999), Dishy et al. (2001), Israel et al. (2001) and Cockcroft et al. (2000)
corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor 1	inhaled coricosteroids	improved lung function (FEV-1)	Tantisira et al. (2004)
dopamine D3	traditional antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol)	abnormal involuntary muscle movements (tardive dyskinesia), akathisia	Steen et al. (1997), Basile et al. (1999) and Lerer et al. (2002)
dopamine D2	risperidone (antipsychotic)	response of schizophrenia symptoms	Yamanouchi et al. (2003)
growth hormone receptor	growth hormone	increased responsiveness to growth hormone	Dos Santos et al. (2004)
serotonin transporter	antidepressants	mood improvement, side effects	Smeraldi et al. (1998), Serretti et al. (2000), Murphy et al. (2004) and Mundo et al. (2001)