Table 1.

Early phase stressors in Operation Desert Shield.

— uncertainty of tour length/no projected date of return

— lack of communication (slow mail and poor telephone availability)

— information deprivation and resulting rumours

— ambiguous demands (pre-combat versus garrison environment)

— austere, crowded living conditions

— harsh desert conditions (heat and sand)

— lack of respite—always with chain of command

— lack of recreational or entertainment opportunities

— lack of amenities such as hot meals

— cultural isolation, restricted behaviour and ambivalent perceptions of rules

— uncertainty about public support