Fig. 3.

Adenoviral-mediated expression of TORCs increases mitochondrial gene expression. (A and B) Primary muscle cells were transduced with TORC1, TORC2, TORC3, or GFP adenovirus. Total protein or RNA was extracted from the cells at 48 h after transduction, and 50 μg of total protein extract from each sample was subjected to Western blot analysis to determine the expression levels of TORC1 (A), and ectopically expressed TORC2 and TORC3 protein (B). The primary antibodies used were anti-TORC1 in A and anti-V5 in B. The secondary antibody used was HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Total RNA samples were subjected to Q-PCR analysis. (C–G) The relative expression levels of the endogenous PGC-1α (C) and ERRα (D), Cyt c (E), Cox II (F), and IDH3α (G) are shown. Mean ± SEM; n = 3; ∗, P < 0.05, TORC1, TORC2, or TORC3 vs. GFP.