Table 1.
Antibacterial properties of animal venoms tested against Burkholderia pseudomallei at 0.1 mg/mL concentration.
| Common name | Scientific name | Phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity | Yield of protein (mg/mL) | Micro-organisms | ||
| Total activity (μmoles/min) | Specific activity (μmoles/min/mg protein) | B. pseudomallei (KHW) | B. pseudomallei (TES) | |||
| Elapidae | ||||||
| Death adder | Acanthophis augtra | 3.74 | 74.5 ± 0.5 | 0.1 | - | - |
| Common death adder | Acanthophis antarcticus | 190 | 487.5 ± 0.96 | 0.78 | 16.6 ± 0.43 | 14.3 ± 0.34 |
| Northern death adder | Acanthophis praelongus | 241.2 | 1416 ± 3.84 | 0.34 | 8.90 ± 0.23 | 8.47 ± 0.21 |
| Desert death adder | Acanthophis pyrrhus | 138 | 1150 ± 0.98 | 0.24 | 14.7 ± 0.23 | 16.5 ± 0.32 |
| Hector | Androctonus australis | 22.2 | 85.2 ± 0.27 | 0.52 | - | 8.13 ± 0.14 |
| Malayan krait | Bungarus candidus | 34.9 | 166.3 ± 0.56 | 0.42 | - | - |
| Sea snake | Hydrophis cyanocinctus | 3.3 | 40.5 ± 0.56 | 0.16 | - | - |
| Indian cobra | Naja naja naja | 293.4 | 1333 ± 1.7 | 0.44 | 12.2 ± 0.16 | 10.2 ± 0.09 |
| Kreft's tiger snake | Notechis aterater | 41.96 | 183.1 ± 0.59 | 0.46 | - | - |
| Spitting cobra | Naja sumatrana | 406.5 | 903.5 ± 0.6 | 0.90 | - | - |
| Cobra | Naja kaouthia | 228.4 | 1904 ± 3.8 | 0.24 | 8.17 ± 0.15 | - |
| King brown snake | Pseudechis australis | 434.5 | 3949 ± 3.2 | 0.22 | 27.7 ± 0.13 | 29.8 ± 0.105 |
| Speckled brown snake | Pseudechis guttata | 308.5 | 791 ± 2.0 | 0.78 | 25.4 ± 0.19 | 26.8 ± 0.109 |
| Red-bellied black snake | Pseudechis porphyriacus | 726.7 | 3303 ± 1.7 | 0.44 | 16.8 ± 0.15 | 14.2 ± 0.17 |
| Collett's snake | Pseudechis colletti | 15.7 | 111.8 ± 0.89 | 0.28 | - | - |
| - | Pseudonaja inframaggula | 1995 | 5945 ± 26.6 | 0.66 | 7.7 ± 0.16 | 8.32 ± 0.11 |
| Western brown snake | Pseudonaja nuchalis | 162.8 | 361.8 ± 0.6 | 0.90 | 8.2 ± 0.08 | 9.30 ± 0.11 |
| Eastern brown snake | Pseudonaja textilis | 416.8 | 832.3 ± 0.6 | 1 | 14.2 ± 0.09 | 8.10 ± 0.14 |
| Dugite | Pseudechis affinis | 218.7 | 376.8 ± 0.9 | 1.16 | - | - |
| Tiger keelback | Rhabdophis tigrinus | 36.3 | 259.1 ± 0.42 | 0.28 | - | - |
| The coastal taipan | Oxyuranus scutellatus | 1275.7 | 6075 ± 0.98 | 0.63 | - | - |
| Viperidae | ||||||
| Pallas | Agkistrodon halys | 86.5 | 157.4 ± 0.20 | 1.1 | 20.4 ± 0.14 | 26.4 ± 0.08 |
| Puff adder | Bitis arietans | 124.1 | 248.2 ± 0.27 | 0.54 | 18.2 ± 0.16 | 16.2 ± 0.17 |
| West African gaboon viper | Bitis gabonica rhinoceros | 126.5 | 452.4 ± 0.57 | 0.56 | 16.0 ± 0.19 | 14.5 ± 0.26 |
| Common lancehead snake | Bothrops atrox (L-amino acid oxidase) | 3.8 | 6.36 ± 0.06 | 1.2 | 24.4 ± 0.19 | 26.2 ± 0.19 |
| South American rattlesnake | Crotalus adamanteus (L-amino acid oxidase) | 34.2 | 201.3 ± 0.21 | 0.34 | 25.4 ± 0.208 | 23.4 ± 0.18 |
| South American rattlesnake | Crotalus adamanteus | 236.4 | 619.4 ± 0.46 | 1.56 | 30.0 ± 0.23 | 28.3 ± 0.23 |
| Saw-scaled viper | Echis carinatus | 53.4 | 106.5 ± 0.49 | 1.4 | 8.0 ± 0.14 | 7.5 ± 0.15 |
| Indian Russell's viper | Daboia russelli russelli | 392.8 | 785.2 ± 0.40 | 1.36 | 29.9 ± 0.12 | 28.6 ± 0.16 |
| Burmese Russell's viper | Daboia russelli siamensis | 262.4 | 524.4 ± 0.44 | 1.24 | 16.2 ± 0.15 | 15.6 ± 0.18 |
| Wagler's pit viper | Trimeresurus wagleri | 4.6 | 38.2 ± 0.26 | 0.24 | 15.1 ± 0.14 | 16.3 ± 0.14 |
| Apiidae | ||||||
| Honeybee venom | Apis mellifera | 3.7 | 20.5 ± 0.1 | 0.36 | 7.22 ± 0.23 | 12.3 ± 0.21 |
| Scorpionidae | ||||||
| Black scorpion | Androctonus crasicuda | 3.6 | 69.5 ± 0.3 | 0.104 | - | - |
| Scorpion | Buthotus hottenlota | 4.4 | 10.4 ± 0.2 | 0.86 | - | - |
| Scorpion | Buthotus hottenota hottenota | 5.1 | 38.8 ± 0.1 | 0.26 | - | - |
| Chinese red scorpion | Buthus martensii Karsch. | 4.6 | 90.4 ± 0.2 | 0.102 | - | - |
| Ceftazidime (CF) | 30 μg/disc | - | - | - | 28.9 ± 0.56 | 31.7 ± 0.78 |
| Chloramphenicol (C) | 30 μg/disc | - | - | - | 28.5 ± 0.37 | 30.0 ± 0.12 |
| Streptomycin (S) | 10 μg/disc | - | - | - | 27.3 ± 0.25 | 26.4 ± 0.29 |
Values of Phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity (μmoles/min/mg protein) are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 10) of ten replicates.
*The values given as mean ± S.D. (n = 5) represent a venom inhibition zone in mm, including the 7 mm diameter of the disc, after 24 h incubation. The bacterial inoculum per plate contained 3.2 × 108 colony forming units (cfu/mL) which were spread onto the TS agar surface with sterile cotton swap. Sterile paper discs (7 mm diameter) were placed onto the TS agar surface and 20 μL of venom solution (0.1 mg/mL) added. Micro-organisms: B.p (KHW)-Burkholderia pseudomallei (KHW) and B.p (TES) Burkholderia pseudomallei (TES), Control (0); No activity (-), Drug controls: Chloramphenicol (30 μg/disc); Ceftazidime (30 μg/disc); Streptomycin (10 μg/disc).