Table 4.

Select epidemiologic studies: site-specific cancer and exposure to TCE.

Reference	Study population	Exposed cases (no.)	Estimated relative risk (95% CI)
Total cancer
Cohort studies
Hansen et al. 2001	Male	109	1.0 (0.9–1.3)
	Female	19	1.0 (0.6–1.6)
Chang et al. 2003	Male	66	0.7 (0.5–0.8)
	Female	250	1.0 (0.9–1.1)
Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2003	Male	2,434	1.1 (1.0–1.1)
	Female	624	1.2 (1.1–1.3)
Community studies
Lee et al. 2003	Upstream village	266a	1.0
	Downstream village		2.1 (1.3–3.3)b
Morgan and Cassady 2002	13 census tracts in San Bernardino County, CA	3,098	1.0 (0.9–1.0)
Bladder
Cohort studies
Hansen et al. 2001	Male	10	1.1 (0.5–2.0)
	Female	0
Chang et al. 2003	Male	1	1.0 (0.01–5.4)
	Female	1	1.0 (0.01–5.4)
Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2003	Male	203	1.0 (0.9–1.2)
	Female	17	1.6 (0.9–2.6)
Zhao et al. 2005c	Low TCE score	7	1.0
	Medium TCE score	7	1.5 (0.8–2.9)
	High TCE score	3	2.0 (0.9–4.2)
Case–control studies
Pesch et al. 2000b	JTEM, male
	Medium TCE exposure	47	0.8 (0.6–1.2)
	High TCE exposure	74	1.3 (0.9–1.7)
	Substantial TCE exposure	36	1.8 (1.2–2.7)
Community studies
Morgan and Cassady 2002	13 census tracts in San Bernardino County, CA	82	1.0 (0.8–1.2)
Breast
Cohort studies
Hansen et al. 2001	Female	4	0.9 (0.2–2.3)
Chang et al. 2005	Female	215	1.2 (1.0–1.4)
Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2003	Male	2	0.5 (0.1–1.9)
	Female	145	1.1 (0.9–1.2)
Community studies
Morgan and Cassady 2002	Females in 13 census tracts in San Bernardino County, CA	536	1.1 (1.0–1.2)
Esophagus
Cohort studies
Hansen et al. 2001	Male	6	4.2 (1.5–9.2)
	Female	0
Chang et al. 2005	Male	0
	Female	0
Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2003	Male	23d	1.8 (1.2–2.7)
	Female	0
Zhao et al. 2005c,e	Low TCE score	7	1.0
	Medium TCE score	7	1.7 (0.6–4.4)
	High TCE score	3	1.3 (0.2–4.0)

CI, confidence interval.

^aTotal cancer deaths in the two villages.

^b99% CI.

^cZhao et al. (2005) present both cancer incidence and cancer mortality. Relative risks in this table are for cancer incidence.

^dAdenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

^eEsophageal and stomach cancer incidence.