Fig. 5.

Joint moments, moment arms and forces calculated for the muscles that extend the carpus in the model. The peak net extensor carpal moment was due to the moment generated by the common digital extensor and extensor carpi radialis muscles. Muscle force and moment arm influenced the pattern of the joint moment–angle relationship. However, for the joint angles associated with the stance phase of gait (horizontal shaded bar), joint moment was influenced mainly by the variation in muscle moment arm.