Table 3.

Muscle data

	Function
	Abduction/ adduction	Protraction	Retraction	Anti- gravity	Mass  (g)	Volume  (cm3)	FL  (mm)	Range  (mm)	PCSA  (cm2)	Force  (N)	Power  (W)
Pectoralis transversus	+++	+	−	−	1541	1434	200	115–280	77	2310	231
Pectoralis descendens
Pectoralis profundus	+++	−	+	−	2837	2649	461	240–630	60	1800	415
Serratus ventralis cervicis	−	−	+	+	2101	1954	292	170–470	72	2160	315
Serratus ventralis thoracis	−	+	−	+++	2991	2781	49	35–65	577	17310	424
Brachiocephalicus & Omotransversarius	−	+++	−	−	2426	2349	693	170–995	62	1860	644
Subclavius	+	−	+	−	1303	1217	519	350–640	23	690	179
Trapezius	+	+	+	−	678	631	191	45–425	42	1260	120
Latissimus Dorsi	−	−	+++	−	1828	1705	378	95–600	53	1590	301
Rhomboid cervicis	+	+	−	−	555	503	311	100–490	15	450	70
Rhomboid thoracis	+	−	+	−	433	409	139	50–160	24	720	50
Protraction total					2426	2349			62	1860	644
Retraction total					1828	1705			53	1590	301

Data presented are the mean of those obtained from six cadavers (not including subject E as its body mass was approximately half that of the other subjects). Muscle function was determined during dissections from observation of site of origin and insertion and orientation of muscle fascicles. The symbols +++ indicate primary function; +, secondary function; –, no contribution to the particular function. Abbreviations: FL, fascicle length; PCSA, physiological cross-sectional area. Between 10 and 20 separate measurements of fascicle length were recorded for each muscle. Fascicle length range is the range of all fascicle length measurements in all subjects. Muscle force was calculated assuming 0.3 MPa as the maximum isometric stress of skeletal muscle (Woledge et al. 1985). V_max for equine muscle was estimated as 5 L_o s⁻¹ (see Introduction for details).