Table 1.
Neural crest contribution to the cartilaginous skull of larval anurans. A ‘plus’ (+) denotes cartilages that are derived from neural crest; the embryonic origin of remaining cartilages remains unknown (–), although it is presumed to be from cranial mesoderm. A ‘±’ denotes dual origin. Although these species belong to distantly related families, and the corresponding analyses were conducted nearly 70 years apart and by using very different analytical methods, the two patterns of derivation are nearly identical. Data for Bombina and Rana are based on Olsson & Hanken (1996) and Stone (1929), respectively. After Hanken (1999)
| Cartilage | Bombina orientalis | Rana palustris |
|---|---|---|
| Suprarostral | + | + |
| Infrarostral | + | + |
| Meckel's | + | + |
| Palatoquadrate | + | + |
| Ceratohyal | + | + |
| Ceratobranchials I–IV | + | + |
| Trabecular cartilage/plate | + | ± |
| ‘Basioccipital plate’ (= basal plate*) | − | − |
| Otic (auditory) capsule | − | − |
| Basihyal | − | − |
| Basibranchial (second basibranchium) | − | − |