Table 2.

Dental landmarks^* (Fig. 6)

M3mfs	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M3cfs	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M3dfs	The top of the disto-facial cusp on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M3mLs	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M3 dL	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M3ts	The centre of the occlusal surface on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M3bs	The centre of the bottom1 on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M3vacs	The centre of the dental vacuole2 on the third mandibular molar on the left side.
M2(4)3mfs	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the second molar on the left side.
M2(4)cfs	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2(4)mls	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2(4) dLs	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2(5)4mfs	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the second molar on the left side.
M2(5)cfs	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2(5)dfs	The top of the disto-facial cusp on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2(5)mls	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2(5)dls	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2ts	The centre of the occlusal surface on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2bs	The centre of the bottom on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M2vacs	The centre of the dental vacuole on the second mandibular molar on the left side.
M1mfs	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
M1cfs	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
M1dfs	The top of the disto-facial cusp on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
M1mls	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
M1dl	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
M1ts	The centre of the occlusal surface on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
M1bs	The centre of the bottom on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
M1vacs	The centre of the dental vacuole on the first mandibular molar on the left side.
P2fs	The top of the facial cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the left side.
P2ts	The centre of the upper surface5 on the mineralized tissue of the second mandibular premolar on the left side.
P2(3)dls	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the left side.
P2(3)mls	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the left side.
P2(2)ls	The top of the lingual cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the left side.
P2bs	The centre of the bottom6 on the second mandibular premolar on the left side.
P1fs	The top of the facial cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the left side.
P1ts	The centre of the upper surface on the mineralized tissue of the first mandibular premolar on the left side.
P1(3)dls	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the left side.
P1(3)mls	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the left side.
P1(2)ls	The top of the lingual cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the left side.
P1bs	The centre of the bottom on the first mandibular premolar on the left side.
Cfs	The top of the facial cusp on the mandibular canine on the left side.
Cbs	The centre of the bottom7 on the mandibular canine on the left side.
M3mfd	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M3cf	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M3dfd	The top of the disto-facial cusp on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M3mld	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M3 dLd	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M3td	The centre of the occlusal surface on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M3bd	The centre of the bottom on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M3vacd	The centre of the dental vacuole on the third mandibular molar on the right side.
M2(4)mfd	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the second molar on the right side.
M2(4)cfd	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2(4)mld	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2(4) dLd	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2(5)mfd	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the second molar on the right side.
M2(5)cfd	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2(5)dfd	The top of the disto-facial cusp on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2(5)mld	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2(5)dld	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2td	The centre of the occlusal surface on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2bd	The centre of the bottom on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M2vacd	The centre of the dental vacuole on the second mandibular molar on the right side.
M1mfd	The top of the mesio-facial cusp on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
M1cfd	The top of the centro-facial cusp on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
M1dfd	The top of the disto-facial cusp on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
M1mld	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
M1dLd	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
M1td	The centre of the occlusal surface on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
M1bd	The centre of the bottom on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
M1vacd	The centre of the dental vacuole on the first mandibular molar on the right side.
P2fd	The top of the facial cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the right side.
P2td	The centre of the upper surface on the mineralized tissue of the second mandibular premolar on the right side.
P2(3)dld	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the right side.
P2(3)mld	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the right side.
P2(2)ld	The top of the lingual cusp on the second mandibular premolar on the right side.
P2bd	The centre of the bottom on the second mandibular premolar on the right side.
P1fd	The top of the facial cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the right side.
P1td	The centre of the upper surface on the mineralized tissue of the first mandibular premolar on the right side.
P1(3)dld	The top of the disto-lingual cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the right side.
P1(3)mld	The top of the mesio-lingual cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the right side.
P1(2)ld	The top of the lingual cusp on the first mandibular premolar on the right side.
P1bd	The centre of the bottom on the first mandibular premolar on the right side.
Cfd	The top of the facial cusp on the mandibular canine on the right side.
Cbd	The centre of the bottom on the mandibular canine on the right side.

^*Not all patients in the study had the same number of essential cusps on the same tooth type. A combination of the landmarks listed here includes all variations encountered.

¹Centre of the bottom: on molars, defined as the centre of the furcation or centre of the bottom of the crown if root development had not begun.

²Centre of the dental vacuole: defined as the centre of the vacuole in that particular transversal slice in which the dental vacuoles were seen to have the largest diameter.

³(4): four-cusp variant.

⁴(5): five-cusp variant.

⁵Centre of the upper surface: on premolars, defined as the centre of the upper surface on the mineralized tissue, if no cusps were identifiable due to low degree of crown mineralization.

⁶Centre of the bottom: on premolars, defined as the centre of the furcation, centre of the root cones or centre of the bottom of the crown if root development had not begun.

⁷Centre of the bottom: on canines, defined as the centre of the root cones or centre of the bottom of the crown if root development had not begun.