Effects of nepalolide A pretreatment, cotreatment, or post treatment on C6 glioma cells. C6 glioma cells were treated with 5 μg ml−1 LPS/100 units ml−1 IFN-γ (a) or 5 ng ml−1 TNF-α/5 ng ml−1 IL-1β/100 units ml−1 IFN-γ (b) for 24 h. Nepalolide A (10 μM) was added prior to (−0.5 h), during (0 h), or following (1–20 h) exposure to inducers of iNOS. After incubation, the culture media were collected for nitrite determination. Results are means±s.d. (where large enough to be shown) from four independent experiments. Significant differences between control and nepalolide A-treated cells are indicated by ***P<0.001.