Representative 13C-MRS spectra of brain PCA extracts from rats in the control group (A) and after co-administration of cyclosporine and sirolimus (group Cs+SRL, B) and cyclosporine and RAD (group Cs+RAD, C). Rats were treated with the following doses by oral gavage for 6 days: (A) control, 13 ml vehicle (10% ethanol in milk, total n=7), (B) Cs+SRL, 10 mg kg−1 d−1, cyclosporine+3 mg kg−1 d−1 sirolimus (n=5) and (C) Cs+RAD, 10 mg kg−1 d−1 cyclosporine+3 mg kg−1 d−1 RAD. Abbreviations: Cr, creatine; Cs, cyclosporine; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; Ins, myo-inositol; Lac, lactate; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; SRL, sirolimus; Tau, taurine.