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Characterization of inhibitory effects of tramadol on carbachol-evoked catecholamine (CA) secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. The inhibitory effects of tramadol on carbachol-evoked catecholamine secretion (A) and double-reciprocal plot analysis of the effects (B). Cells were incubated for 5 min with or without carbachol (10 μM to 3 mM) in the presence or absence of tramadol (10 μM). Data are means±s.e.mean of three experiments.
