Figure 5.

Effects of curcumin on amiodarone-induced increases in alveolar macrophage release of TNF-α (a) and superoxide anion (b). BALF was performed at several time points after i.t. administration of amiodarone, and the recovered alveolar macrophages were stimulated either by LPS (1 μg ml⁻¹) or PMA (0.1 μg ml⁻¹) for the determination of TNF-α and superoxide anion production, respectively. All data are expressed as mean±s.d. (n=6 rats group⁻¹ time point⁻¹). Since there was no statistical difference between water- and curcumin-treated control groups, we show the values of water-treated groups as controls. ^*Significantly (P<0.01) higher than control groups (dotted line); ^†significantly (P<0.01) lower than the amiodarone group. CR: curcumin; AMD: amiodarone; d: day; w: week.