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Suggested cell-signaling mechanism for the initiation of carp sperm motility. Sperm in the male reproductive organ are surrounded by isoosmotic and high K+ environment of the seminal plasma. On spawning into the environment with hypoosmolality and K+-deficient fresh water, hypoosmolality-induced initiation of sperm motility occurs through a Ca2+-dependent cAMP-independent cell signaling, as shown.
