Effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on body weight (a), brain weight (b), tail length (c), and growth rate of male (d) and female (e) rats. Histograms show mean±s.e.m. measurements obtained from rats at age 36–49 days. Solid histograms show data from 13 capsaicin-treated male rats and 10 capsaicin-treated female rats for body weight and brain weight data, and cross-hatched histograms show data from 13 vehicle control male rats and 7 vehicle control female rats. For tail length data, there were five rats in each treatment and gender group. Growth rates from weaning at age 21–23 days until euthanasia at 36–43 days of male and female rats are shown as linear regression lines (▴, capsaicin; ▵, vehicle). Asterisks show significant differences from vehicle control. ***P<0.001; *P<0.05.