Table I.
Herbicides used in the experiments
| Treatment (Abbreviation) | Mode of Action | Chemistry | IC50a | Referenceb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| μm | ||||
| Glyphosate (Glp) | EPSPS inhibitor | N-phosphono-glycine | 10 to approximately 400 | 5, 6 |
| Halosulfuron (Has) | ALS inhibitor | Sulfonylurea | 18 to approximately 140c | 12 |
| Pyrazosulfuron (Pys) | ALS inhibitor | Sulfonylurea | 0.42 to approximately 12.87 | 1 |
| Imazamox (Imz) | ALS inhibitor | Imidazolinone | 35 to approximately 45c | 12 |
| Pyrazoxyfen (Pyz) | 4HPPD inhibitor | Pyrazole | 3,000c | 12 |
| Pyrazolate (Pyl) | 4HPPD inhibitor | Pyrazole | 2,000 to approximately 3,000c | 12 |
| Alloxydim (Ald) | ACCase inhibitor | Cyclohexenone | 2.0 to approximately 9.6 | 8 |
| Clethodim (Cld) | ACCase inhibitor | Cyclohexenone | 0.15 | 8, 9, 11 |
| Quizalofop (Quf) | ACCase inhibitor | 4AOPP | 0.03 to approximately 57 | 2, 3, 4, 10 |
| Cyhalofop (Cyf) | ACCase inhibitor | 4AOPP | 8.91 | 7 |
a
Concentration for 50% inhibition of enzyme activities.
b
Cited references. Reference are as follows: (1) Kuk et al. (2003), (2) Dehaye et al. (1994), (3) Konishi and Sasaki (1994), (4) Herbert et al. (1996), (5) Widholm et al. (2001), (6) Huynh et al. (1988), (7) Ruiz-Santaella et al. (2006), (8) Lichtenthaler (1990), (9) Délye et al. (2003), (10) Price et al. (2003), (11) Délye et al. (2005), and (12) Hirai et al. (2002).
c
Application rate (active ingredient g ha−1).