Table 1.
Studies included in this Systematic Review
| Year | First Author | Design | Study Participants and Setting | Response Rate and Sample Size | Outcomes Measured | Topic of Discussion |
| 1990 | Nelson, MV [26] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Random sample of hospital and community pharmacists in U.S. (the Detroit, Michigan metropolitan area) and Britain (nation wide) | U.S. pharmacists 19.7% (n = 197) British pharmacists 63.0% (n = 434) | Knowledge and professional practice behaviors | Alternative health approaches (AHA) which included "acupuncture, auriculotherapy, biofeedback, cellular therapy, chelation therapy, chiropractic, cytotoxic testing, faith healing, food allergy, hair analysis, herbal medicine, holistic medicine, homeopathy, hypnosis, iridology, laetrile therapy, megavitamin therapy, orthomolecular psychiatry, osteopathy, and reflexology" |
| 1998 | Brown, CM [16] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Random sample of community pharmacists in the State of Texas, U.S. | 36.3% (n = 142) | Professional practice behaviors | Alternative therapies which were defined as "those therapies that are not generally taught in pharmacy and medical schools" |
| 1998 | Portyansky, E [27] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Convenience sample of community pharmacists in U.S. (nation wide) | 45% (n = 400) | Attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors | Alternative medicine products which were defined to include "herbal preparations, homeopathic products, and nutraceuticals" |
| 1999 | Bouldin, AS [15] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Geographically stratified random sample of community pharmacists in U.S. (nation wide) | 26.3% (n = 512) | Attitudes and professional practice behaviors | Herbal medicines which were defined as "commercially-prepared herbal products" |
| 2000 | Bokma, A [7] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Convenience sample of community pharmacists in Canada (nation wide) | 12.2% (n = 366) | Attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors | Herbals (not explicitly defined) |
| 2000 | Chang, ZG [18] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Convenience sample of pharmacists from multiple practice settings (i.e. community, primary care, academia, hospital, long-term care, and other) in Virginia and North Carolina, U.S. | 75.6% (n = 164) | Attitudes and knowledge | Herbal medications which were defined as being "derived from a single plant source" |
| 2000 | Little, WR [24] | Not reported | Community pharmacists (sampling not reported) in U.S. (exact location not reported) | n = > 200 (response rate not reported) | Attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors | Herbals (not explicitly defined) |
| 2000 | Montbriand, MJ [25] | Cross sectional face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews | Random sample of pharmacists, physicians, and nurses in active practice in Saskatchewan, Canada | Pharmacists 89% (n = 49) Physicians 58% (n = 52) Nurses 88% (n = 52) | Attitudes and professional practice behaviors | Alternative therapies which were defined as "all health-related products or practices initiated or prescribed by the self, family, friends, or an alternative health-care healer" |
| 2001 | Howard, N [23] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Convenience sample of pharmacists from multiple practice settings (i.e. community, hospital, long-term care, drug information, and other) from the 1999 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Midyear Clinical Meeting in Orlando, Florida | Response rate not reported (n = 70) | Professional practice behaviors | Dietary supplements which were defined as "botanicals (herbs) and nutritional supplements (amino acids, hormones, vitamins, and minerals)" |
| 2002 | Hamilton, WR [22] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Random sample of pharmacists (practice setting not specified) and convenience sample of entry-level PharmD students enrolled in an elective CAM class in Nebraska, U.S. | Pharmacists 47% (n = 94) PharmD students 100% (n = 35) | Attitudes | Complementary and alternative therapies (not explicitly defined) |
| 2003 | Clauson, KA [19] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Census of pharmacists from multiple practice settings (i.e. community, primary care, academia, hospital, long-term care, and other) in Missouri, U.S. | 18.2% (n = 534) | Attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors | Natural products which were defined to include, but not be limited to, "herbs, mega-dose vitamins, minerals, hormones, and other chemical entities used by patients to maintain or improve their health". |
| 2003 | Dolder, C [20] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Random sample of pharmacists from multiple practice settings (i.e. community, hospital, long-term care, and other) in California, U.S. | 21.4% (n = 428) | Attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors | Alternative medications which were defined as "any product, including herbal remedies, vitamins, minerals, and natural products, that may be purchased at a health food store, pharmacy, supermarket, or alternative medicine store/magazine for the purpose of self-treatment" |
| 2003 | Welna, EM [28] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Random sample of pharmacists from multiple practice settings (i.e. community, hospital, industry, and other) in Minnesota, U.S. | 52.4% (n = 533) | Attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors | Herbal and other natural products (H/NPs) which were defined as "all products of plant, animal, or mineral origin" |
| 2004 | Wood, V [29] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Random sample of community pharmacists in Canada (nation wide) | 10% (n = 533) | Professional practice behaviors | Herbal remedy (not explicitly defined) |
| 2005 | Brown, CM [17] | Cross sectional self completed questionnaire | Random sample of community pharmacists in the State of Texas, U.S. | 27.0% (n = 107) | Professional practice behaviors | Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) which was defined to include "herbal products, vitamins and minerals, homeopathic products, massage, meditation, and others" |
| 2005 | Dunn, JD [21] | Longitudinal self completed questionnaire | Convenience sample of community pharmacists in the State of Utah, U.S. | 2003 10% (n = 19) 2004 26% (n = 63) | Attitudes and knowledge | Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) products which were defined as herbal or natural entities |