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Variables identified as confounders and occurrence of their confounding effect on total comparisons
| Variable | N | % |
| Malposition and malpresentation of fetus | 23 | 96% |
| Marital status | 22 | 92% |
| Infant birth weight, grams | 17 | 71% |
| Fetopelvic disproportion/excessive development of the infant | 11 | 46% |
| Antepartum hemorrhage/abruptio placentae/placenta previa | 7 | 29% |
| Eclampsia or pre-eclampsia | 11 | 46% |
| Age, yrs | 9 | 38% |
