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TO denotes the time since the split between the two Old World monkey species, and TH denotes the time since the split between the two hominoids. Fossil records suggest that TO and TH are very close to each other. X and Y denote the common ancestors of human-chimpanzee and of macaque-baboon, respectively. The genetic divergence between the two hominoid species (KH) is the sum of KHX and KCX. Likewise, KO is the sum of KMY and KBY.
